Is the United States now fatter than other countries on the planet? This topic has been discussed, debated, and research for 35 years. United States continue to gain weight despite the billions of dollars they spend each year on diet and dietary foods. It is common knowledge that sedentary lifestyle, excessive consumption, and quiet dieting is a major factor in this trend.
What else can make a contribution to the skyrocketing obesity epidemic in the United States? Can the drugs that some United States will take one factor in the problem of obesity?
In the last ten years, the increase in the development and use of prescription drugs to treat depression, seizures, and sleep disturbances. Recently, we have also seen an increase in television, newspapers, magazines and ads for prescription drugs, led by the marketing of antidepressants such as Prozac.
In 1999, Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil and is among the top 15 prescription drugs dispensed in the United States. Of 124 billion U.S. dollars generated by prescription sales market, these three antidepressants listed in the top 10 revenue+producing drugs. Seretonin Selective Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs), Serotonin / Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs), and antipsychotics listed above 6 decision of the money from 20 leading prescription products ranked by U.S. pharmaceutical sales industry.
While this study shows that long+term use of SSRIs, Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil and associated with weight gain. Objectives of this article is a list of some of the popular psychotropic drugs seizure and disruption in the market today and discuss the relationship, if any, these drugs may have changes with the weight. Assessment of several studies on exercise and depression will also be reviewed.
The information presented in this article is not intended to prevent, support or recommend the best treatment for depression or any of the products reviewed. This is intended only as a review of available information about weight changes associated with the products listed. As usual, consult your doctor or medical professional or questions about the medical condition.
Many people are unaware that weight gain is one of the most common side effects associated with many prescription antidepressants today. Moreover, drugs such as Fluoxetine (Prozac ®) and Buproprion HCL (Wellbutrin ®) have actually been marketed to treat obesity.
Antidepressants can affect weight in several ways:
- They can be increased or decreased basal metabolic rate without change Feed calories.
- They can affect hormonal changes and increases the appetite.
Unexpected weight gain can increase the difficulties associated with the disruption and seizure life more by my mood instability and low self.
The following paragraphs contain a brief description of some classes of drugs and psychotropic foreclosure chaos.
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors are a class of antidepressants are currently the main concern, with the main prescription. Initially, the Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors are thought to be associated with weight and reduce appetite. For while, they even marketed as an anti+obesity drugs. It is known that long+term use of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors was associated with weight gain.
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors reasons that contribute to weight gain is not known. Although this is a belief widely held that drugs that increase serotonin also decrease the output of hunger, this does not seem to happen. Patients using Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors often report symptoms of hypoglycemia (weakness, dizziness, hunger often, and the head) when they do not eat. Symptoms of hypoglycemia can show hyperinsulinemia (elevation of insulin in the blood).
The five most common currently prescribed Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors in the United States today are as follows:
- Citalopram (Celexa ®)
- Fluoxetine (Prozac ®)
- Fluvoxamine (Luvox ®)
- Paroxetine (Paxil ®)
- Sertraline (Zoloft ®)
Paroxetine (Paxil ®) seems to have the most significant impact on the weight gain from all Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors. Studies show that patients using Paxil experience increased breast size and weight gain and increased serum prolactin. One case reports related to carbohydrate cravings for Citalopram (Celexa ®), while other studies indicate the average weight gain more time from 15+20 pounds with Sertraline (Zoloft), Fluoxetine (Prozac ®), and Citalopram (Celexa ®).
However, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors cause less weight gain, fewer anticholinergic symptoms, and less toxic effects of bad tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). These findings have led to the increase in Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors prescriptions by psychiatrists and primary health care providers. Primary health care providers not to be familiar with the differences between the various Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors for their relative weight may have side effects.
Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs)
Tricyclic Antidepressants are the most commonly prescribed antidepressants before Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors became widely available. Tricyclic antidepressants often used to treat sleep disturbances and to help patients manage pain. Most doctors recognize that Tricyclic Antidepressants can contribute significantly to weight gain.
Weight gain and other side effects vary from one to another and Tricyclic Antidepressants from one patient to another. Many drugs in this class cause a slowing of metabolism and carbohydrate cravings. Factors that more clearly understood and involves the histamine receptor alpha 1 block action. Stimulation of appetite and weight gain make it very difficult to use the Tricyclic Antidepressants diabetes to control blood sugar.
Tricyclic Antidepressants include the following:
- Amitriptyline (Elavil ®)
- Amoxapine (Asendin ®)
- Clomipramine (Anafranil ®)
- Desipramine (Norepramine ®, Pertofrane ®)
- Doxepin (Adapin ®, Sinequan ®)
- Imipramine (Janimine ®, Tofranil ®)
- Nortriptyline (Aventyl ®, Pamelor ®)
- Protriptyline (Vivactil ®)
- Trimipramine (Rhotramine ®, Surmontil ®)
Tricyclic Antidepressants with the weight gain is dose dependent and relatively long for the therapy.
Getting the most weight among patients with Tricyclic Antidepressants has been observed using either amitriptyline (Elavil ®), or imipramine (Janimine ®, Tofranil ®).
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)
There are two categories of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors: nonselective, irreversible Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors and reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase type A (HAUNTED). Nonselective irreversible Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors, which cause weight gain similar to Tricyclic Antidepressants while the newer, selective Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors seem to have no effect on body weight.
No more information is available at this time the use of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors in clinical practice because they have some dangerous side effects and is used more frequently than other antidepressants.
Nonselective, unalterable Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors include:
- Isocarboxazid (Marplan ®)
- Phenelzine (Nardil ®)
- Tranylcypromine (Parnate ®)
- Selektif reversible HAUNTED include:
- Moclobemide (Manerix ®)
- Toloxatone (Humoryl ®)
Other Antidepressants
Antidepressants that does not fall under the strict classification of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, Tricyclic Antidepressants or Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors include:
- Buproprion HCL (Wellbutrin ®)
- Mitrazapine (Remeron ®)
- Nefazadone (Serzone ®)
- Trazadone (Desyrel ®)
- Venlafaxine (Effexor ®)
Venlafaxine (Effexor ®) has been shown to cause weight gain, but not as severe as has been reported with Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors paroxetine (Paxil ®), fuoxetine (Prozac ®) and sertraline (Zoloft ®).
Mitrazapine (Remeron ®) was associated with significant weight gain, may be secondary to the interaction with histamine (H1) receptor. This is not related to gastrointestinal symptoms, sexual dysfunction, or increased heart rate, as seen with Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors.
Trazadone (Desyrel ®) is an antidepressant with sedative properties that are often used as a sleep aid and treatment for depression. It seems to cause less weight gain compared to amitriptyline (Elavil ®), but more than buproprion HCL (Wellbutrin ®).
There is currently no information available regarding Nefazadone (Serzone ®) for increased appetite or weight gain.
Buproprion HCL (Wellbutrin ®) is not associated with weight gain and is commonly used with some success in the termination of smoking.
Anticonvulsants / mood Stabilizers
These drugs are initially only be used for seizure interference. Here anticonvulsants now often prescribed in the treatment of bipolar chaos and selected other forms of depression:
- Carbamazepine (Tegretol ®)
- Divalproex (Depakote ®)
- Gabapentin (Neurontin ®)
- Lamotrigine (Lamictal ®)
- Topiramate (Topamax ®)
Anticonvulsants tend to cause hyperinsulinemia (elevated insulin in the blood) and increased appetite leading to weight gain. Hyperinsulinemia also result in the increase in testosterone, which causes a risk for women in medicine for developing Polycystic ovary Syndrome (POS). Polycystic ovary syndrome can cause weight gain, male pattern bald, increased facial hair, skin searchs, acne, infertility, high blood pressure, lipid levels, which is not normal, and heart disease.
Seizure disruption studies show that patients who take anticonvulsants both normal or below normal body mass index of the most severe weight gain.
The general mood stabilizers used before anticonvulsants developed for the treatment of bipolar chaos. General mood stabilizers prescribed mainly consist of the following:
- Lithium (Cibalith+S ®, Duralith ®,
- Ekalith ®, Eskalith CR ®, Lithane ®,
- Lithobid ®, Lithonate ®, Lithotabs ®)
Typically, one+third to two+thirds of patients treated with Lithium gain weight. People, 25 percent to gain enough weight quite fat. Weight gain is depending on the dose, but low dose of Lithium (less than 8 mm / L) often do not include: therefore, low+dose Lithium is usually not an alternative.
Antipsychotics
One of the most common reason for noncompliance and discontinued the use of antipsychotic drugs to get the weight. The agent believed responsible for the increase in food Feed the patients taking antipsychotics is a serotonin blocker.
Conventional anti+psychotics include:
- Haloperidol (Haldol ®, Peridol ®)
- Molindone (Moban ®)
- Thioridazine (apo+Thioridazine ®, Mellaril ®, Novo+Ridazine ®, PMS+Thioridazine ®)
- Newer antipsychotics, classified as typical antipsychotics, include the following:
- Clozapine (Clozaril ®)
- Olanzapine (Zyprexa ®)
- Quetiapine (Seroquel ®)
- A restaurant also call upon (Risperdal ®)
- Sertindole (Serlect ®)
- Ziprasidone (Seldox ®)
Haloperidol (Haldol ®, Peridol ®) is a conventional antipsychotic with a lower incidence of weight gain that more new agents clozapine (Clozaril ®), olanzapine (Zyprexa ®), and sertindole (Serlect ®).
A retrospective study shows that clozapine (Clozaril ®) and olanzapine (Zyprexa ®), which has the largest weight gain associated, followed by the weight with a restaurant and things get (Risperdal ®).
Patients treated with sertindole (Serlect ®) has less weight gain compared with haloperidol treatment. Another study related to clozapine (Clozaril ®) for significant weight gain and lipid abnormalities, suggesting to increase the risk of diabetes.
Among conventional antipsychotics, thioridazine and chlorpromazine have the potential to gain weight, while molindone (Moban ®) is the only antipsychotic shown not to increase the weight on a consistent basis.
Studies indicate that antipsychotic agents have effects on the reproductive hormones. Women receiving antipsychotics tend to show hyperprlactinemia and tend hypoestrogenic. Women with obesity have no basis hyperprolactinemia and tend to normal or higher serum levels of estradiol. This difference has implications besides pathogens and therapeutic effects on gonadal and adrenal steroids. Prolactin own appetite and promote insulin resistance that underlie the excess weight observed in hyperprolactinemic detected in good condition and animal clinical studies.
Training and Treatment of Depression
Exercise has been shown to relieve depression in some studies. Exercise does not cause weight gain and may praise or drugs as an alternative for depression management, in some cases.
Researchers at Duke University study patients diagnosed with major depression. After 16 weeks, patients who exercised and not taking antidepressants statistics show a significant improvement relative to patients who take drugs and antidepressant executed.
A more recent study that followed patients for an additional six months and found that patients who continue after completing the initial trial, which is far more likely to see their depression return. Only 8 percent of patients in the exercise group relapsed into depression while 38 percent of the drugs+only group and 31 percent of the exercise+plus+drug group relapsed.
James Blumenthal, lead researcher and Duke psychologist who published the results of the study team in the October issue of the journal Psychosomatic Medicine, states the following regarding the results of follow+up study:
“What’s important is the conclusion that the effectiveness of exercise seems to take place, and that patients who respond well to exercise and maintain their exercise have a smaller risk of relapsing.
We find that there is a relationship between exercise and the risk of relapsing more than one executable, the less likely one will see their depressive symptoms return. For every 50 minutes from the increase in exercise, there are accompanying 50 percent reduction in risk of relapse. The findings from this study indicate that the training program simple and effective for the treatment of patients with depression. And if the patient’s motivation to continue training, they have more opportunity than they did not see the back depression. ”
Dr. Blumenthal cautioned that the study did not include patients who are acutely suicidal or what have been termed psychotic depression. In addition, since patients are recruited by ads, this patient is motivated to get better and more interested in the exercise.
A study conducted recently by Dr Fernando Dimeo and his colleagues in the Department of Sports Medicine, Freie University Berlin, Germany, found that aerobic exercise to improve the symptoms of major depression in 8 of 12 patients in 10 days. They conclude that their program produced improvement in symptoms in a short period of time. Dr Dimeo has been said on this topic:
“Given the fact that antidepressive drugs have latency time of two to four weeks before any therapeutic effect, observed clinical results show that the benefits gained by not currently available pharmacological treatment.”
Dr Dimeo and his colleagues suggest that depression patients who do not show improvement, although the optimal dose of antidepressants consider that aerobic training can offer some options that are safe.
Information about some antidepressants and weight gain in the article is taken from an article recently published in Scan’s pulse, a publication for the sport, cardiovascular health and nutritionists, Winter 2001 entitled “Weight Gain and obligations of psychotropic medicines seizure Disorder” , By Millicent Lasslo+Meeks, MS, RD.
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